Ultrasonic Testing (UT): Utilizes the propagation characteristics of high-frequency sound waves in materials to detect internal defects. Suitable for metals and composite materials, with accuracy down to the millimeter level.
Radiological Testing (RT): Uses X-rays or gamma rays to penetrate objects and image their internal structure. Commonly used for weld and casting inspection, but radiation protection is required.
Magnetic Particle Testing (MT): Magnetizes surface or near-surface defects in ferromagnetic materials to attract and display magnetic particles. Simple to operate but limited to magnetic materials.
Penetrating Testing (PT): Uses fluorescent or colored penetrants to penetrate open defects on the surface. After cleaning, the image is developed and observed. Suitable for inspecting non-porous material surfaces.
Eddy Current Testing (ET): Utilizes the principle of electromagnetic induction to detect surface or near-surface defects in conductive materials. Commonly used for rapid screening of pipes and wires.
Visual Inspection (VT): The most basic direct observation method, supplemented by tools such as endoscopes. Suitable for preliminary judgment of obvious surface defects.
Acoustic emission (AE) testing: Monitors the stress wave signals released by materials under load to dynamically assess structural integrity; often used for pressure vessel monitoring.
Infrared thermography (IRT) testing: Identifies internal anomalies in materials through differences in thermal radiation; suitable for large-area, rapid scanning, such as in building energy efficiency testing.